Nar Meyve Kabugu / Nar Ağacı Kabuğu / Nar çiçeği / Nar

Bitki adı: Pomegranate peel / Pomegranate Bark / Pomegranate, flowers / Pomegranate
Bilimsel adı: Punica granatum
Cins: Punica
Familya: Lythraceae
Diğer adları: Pomegranate peel

Punica granatum

Genel Bilgiler


(La. Cortex Granati, Al. Granatbaumrinde, Fr. Ecorce de granadier, İn. Pomegranate bar k) Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) türü­ nün kurutulmuş kök, gövde veya dal kabuk­ larıdır. Bu tür dikenli bir çalı veya diken�iz küçük bir ağaç halindedir. Yapraklar basit ve tam. Çiçekler koyu kırmızı veya nadiren be­ yaz renkli. Meyva 5 - 8 cm çapında, kürem­ si şekilli ve üzeri kırmızımtırak sarı renkli kabukludur. Meyvaları için Anadolunun bir­ çok bölgesinde bahçelerde yetiştirilir. Dış görünüşü : 5- 10 cm uzunluk ve 1 -3 cm genişlikte, değişik şekilli parçalar halin­ dedir. Kokusuz ve hafif acı lezzetli olup çiğ­ nendiği zaman tükrüğü sarıya boyar. Bileşim : Tanen (% 20) ve alkaloitler (pelletierin ve diğerleri) taşımaktadır. Tenya­ lar üzerinde etkili madde pelletierin'dir. Etki ve kullanılış : Nar ağacı kabuğu es­ kiden beri barsak şeritlerine (Tenia) karşı kullaııılınaktadır. Pelletierin şeritler için özel bir öldürücü etkiye sahiptir. İnsanlar için de zehirli olduğundan saf halde kullanılamaz. Kullanılış şekli : 60 gr nar ağ. kabuğu toz edilir ve 750 gr su ile 6 saat bekletilir. Bu ınüddetin sonunda, hafif ateş üzerinde, 250 gr kalıncaya kadar ısıtılır. Süzülür, sıvı kısım bal veya şeker ile tadlandırıldıktan sonra, yarıınşar saat ara ile 2 veya 3 defada içilir. Huli\sanın içimi tamamlandıktan 2 saat sonra bir müshil, 30 gr hintyağı veya 30 gr sodyum sülfat (İngiliz tuzu) 400 gr suda eri­ tilerek alınır. Bu drog bazı şahıslarda kusma, baş dön­ mesi ve görme bozuklukları ile .meydana ge- !en zehirlenıneler yapabilir. Bu nedenle ancak hekim kontrolünde kullanılmalıdır. Bu drog halen aklarlarda bulunmamak­ tadır. Nar kabuğu denildiği zaman "Nar ıney­ vası kabuğu" anlaşılmaktadır. NAR KABUcU (Cortex Granati fructuuın) : P. granatunı L. türünün meyva kabuğu­ dur. Taze veya kurutulmuş halde kullanılır. N ar meyvası kabuğu tan en ve triterpen­ ler (1) bakımından zengindir. Çok düşük bir orand·a alkaloit de taşımaktadır. Kabız özelliği nedeniyle, ishale karşı in­ fusyon halinde (% 5) kullanılmaktadır. infus­ yondan günde 2 - 3 bardak içilir. Tehlikesiz ve etkili bir ililçtır. Aynı maksat için Nar çi­ çeği (Flos Granati,. Flos Balustiae) ve nar tohumlarının sıkılınası ile elde edilen nar su­ yu da kullanılmaktadır. Eski yayınlarda "Ekşi nar" ve "Tatlı nar" olmak üzere iki çeşit nar kayıtlıdır. Bu deyimler meyvanın olgunluk derecesine bağ­ lıdır. Ham meyvalar "Ekşi nar", olgun mey­ valar ise "Tatlı nar" ismini alır. Ekşi nar kabuğu veya meyva suyu kabız ve midevi, tatlı nar suyu ise idrar arttırıcı, midevi ve kuvvet verici olarak ku!lamlmak­ tadır. Taze veya kurutulmuş nar meyvası ka­ buğu ile, kullanılan mordana bağlı olarak, yün iplikler sarı, esmer sarı veya siyaha bo­ yanmaktadır. Çiçeklerinden de bayar madde olarak yararlamlmaktadır. Diğer isimler : Ekşi nar kabuğu. 1 - Brieskorn, C.H. und Keskin, M.: über das Vorkommen von Triterpenen in der Slamınrinde der Fruchtschale und Blatt von Punica gran.atum L. - Pharın. Acta Helv. 29 : 338 (1954) .
Kaynak: Türkiye'de Bitkilerle Tedavi (Turhan Baytop), s. 188

Duke – Ethnobotany

Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Liogier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Brutus
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Pittier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Liogier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Hartwell
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Brutus
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Eb25: 419
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Uphof
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Liogier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Liogier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Brutus
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Standley
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Liogier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Standley
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Liogier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Liogier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Liogier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Uphof
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Standley
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Eb31: 354
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Uphof
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Eb25: 419
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Lewis
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Duke,1972
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Liogier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Al-Rawi
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Brutus
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Duke,1972
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Al-Rawi
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Duke,1972
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Duke,1972
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Takeda
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Uphof
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Brutus
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Al-Rawi
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Standley
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Martinez
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Eb33: 33
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Burkill,1966
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Eb21: 218
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Standley
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Hartwell
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Hartwell
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Liogier
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Eb21: 216
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Duke,1972
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Uphof
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Standley
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | FontQuer
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke

Bilimsel Araştırmalar

Metal-based nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for a set of biomedical applications. According to the World Health Organization, in addition to their reduced size and selectivity for bacteria, metal-based nanoparticles have also proved to be effective against pathogens listed as a priority. Metal-based nanoparticles are known to have non-specific bacterial toxicity mechanisms (they do not bind to a specific receptor in the bacterial cell) which not only makes the development of resistance by bacteria difficult, but also broadens the spectrum of antibacterial activity. As a result, a large majority of metal-based nanoparticles efficacy studies performed so far have shown promising results in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this review has been a comprehensive discussion of the state of the art on the use of the most relevant types of metal nanoparticles employed as antimicrobial agents. A special emphasis to silver nanoparticles is given, while others (e.g., gold, zinc oxide, copper, and copper oxide nanoparticles) commonly used in antibiotherapy are also reviewed. The novelty of this review relies on the comparative discussion of the different types of metal nanoparticles, their production methods, physicochemical characterization, and pharmacokinetics together with the toxicological risk encountered with the use of different types of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents. Their added-value in the development of alternative, more effective antibiotics against multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria has been highlighted.

Makaleyi görüntüle
Anthocyanins are colored water-soluble pigments belonging to the phenolic group. The pigments are in glycosylated forms. Anthocyanins responsible for the colors, red, purple, and blue, are in fruits and vegetables. Berries, currants, grapes, and some tropical fruits have high anthocyanins content. Red to purplish blue-colored leafy vegetables, grains, roots, and tubers are the edible vegetables that contain a high level of anthocyanins. Among the anthocyanin pigments, cyanidin-3-glucoside is the major anthocyanin found in most of the plants. The colored anthocyanin pigments have been traditionally used as a natural food colorant. The color and stability of these pigments are influenced by pH, light, temperature, and structure. In acidic condition, anthocyanins appear as red but turn blue when the pH increases. Chromatography has been largely applied in extraction, separation, and quantification of anthocyanins. Besides the use of anthocyanidins and anthocyanins as natural dyes, these colored pigments are potential pharmaceutical ingredients that give various beneficial health effects. Scientific studies, such as cell culture studies, animal models, and human clinical trials, show that anthocyanidins and anthocyanins possess antioxidative and antimicrobial activities, improve visual and neurological health, and protect against various non-communicable diseases. These studies confer the health effects of anthocyanidins and anthocyanins, which are due to their potent antioxidant properties. Different mechanisms and pathways are involved in the protective effects, including free-radical scavenging pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and inflammatory cytokines signaling. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of anthocyanidins and anthocyanins as natural food colorants and their nutraceutical properties for health. Abbreviations : CVD: Cardiovascular disease VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.

Makaleyi görüntüle
Human intervention trials have provided evidence for protective effects of various (poly)phenol-rich foods against chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While there are considerable data suggesting benefits of (poly)phenol intake, conclusions regarding their preventive potential remain unresolved due to several limitations in existing studies. Bioactivity investigations using cell lines have made an extensive use of both (poly)phenolic aglycones and sugar conjugates, these being the typical forms that exist in planta, at concentrations in the low-μM-to-mM range. However, after ingestion, dietary (poly)phenolics appear in the circulatory system not as the parent compounds, but as phase II metabolites, and their presence in plasma after dietary intake rarely exceeds nM concentrations. Substantial quantities of both the parent compounds and their metabolites pass to the colon where they are degraded by the action of the local microbiota, giving rise principally to small phenolic acid and aromatic catabolites that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This comprehensive review describes the different groups of compounds that have been reported to be involved in human nutrition, their fate in the body as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system, the evidence of their impact on human chronic diseases, and the possible mechanisms of action through which (poly)phenol metabolites and catabolites may exert these protective actions. It is concluded that better performed in vivo intervention and in vitro mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand how these molecules interact with human physiological and pathological processes.

Makaleyi görüntüle
Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps characterized from bacteria of human, animal, plant and environmental origins. These pumps are mostly encoded on the chromosome, although they can also be plasmid-encoded. A previous article in this journal provided a comprehensive review regarding efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria. In the past 5 years, significant progress has been achieved in further understanding of drug resistance-related efflux transporters and this review focuses on the latest studies in this field since 2003. This has been demonstrated in multiple aspects that include but are not limited to: further molecular and biochemical characterization of the known drug efflux pumps and identification of novel drug efflux pumps; structural elucidation of the transport mechanisms of drug transporters; regulatory mechanisms of drug efflux pumps; determining the role of the drug efflux pumps in other functions such as stress responses, virulence and cell communication; and development of efflux pump inhibitors. Overall, the multifaceted implications of drug efflux transporters warrant novel strategies to combat multidrug resistance in bacteria.

Makaleyi görüntüle
Cancer prevention and treatment using traditional Chinese medicines have attracted increasing interest. This study characterizes antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer, comprising 112 species from 50 plant families. The improved ABTS(*+) method was used to systematically assess the total antioxidant capacity (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC) of the medicinal extracts. The TEAC values and total phenolic content for methanolic extracts of herbs ranged from 46.7 to 17,323 micromol Trolox equivalent/100 g dry weight (DW), and from 0.22 to 50.3 g of gallic acid equivalent/100 g DW, respectively. A positive, significant linear relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (all R(2) values>/=0.95) showed that phenolic compounds were the dominant antioxidant components in the tested medicinal herbs. Major types of phenolic compounds from most of the tested herbs were preliminarily identified and analyzed, and mainly included phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, lignans, quinones, stilbenes, and curcuminoids. These medicinal herbs exhibited far stronger antioxidant activity and contained significantly higher levels of phenolics than common vegetables and fruits. Traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer might be potential sources of potent natural antioxidants and beneficial chemopreventive agents.

Makaleyi görüntüle

Kaynaklar ve Görseller

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