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- Bebeksi Bir Yüz İçin Doğal Çözümler
- Tok Tutan Besinler
- Enerjik ve Zinde Hissettiren Besinler
- Meme Kanserinden Koruyan 7 Besin
- Yaz Aylarinin Sifali Bitkileri
- Yaban Mersininin Faydaları
- Kirazın Faydaları
- Patates suyunun faydaları
- Soğan Suyunun Faydaları
- Kudret Nari - Faydalari ve Kullanimi
- Cevizin Faydalari
Üzüm
Bitki adı:
Grape, leaves, fruit, seeds, grape skin
Bilimsel adı:
Vitis vinifera
Cins:
Vitis
Familya:
Vitaceae
Diğer adları:
Grape s, grape skin
ÜZÜM ALICI — >Alıç. V[Türkçe Bitki Adları Sözlüğü, Turhan Baytop, 2007]
Genel Bilgiler
(Fructus Vitis minutae) Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) türünün "Sultaniye" denilen kültür formunun kuru tulmuş meyvalarıdır. Sultaniye üzümü bilhas sa Batı Anadoluda yetiştirilir. Taneleri kii çük, esmer sarı renkli ve çekirdeksizdir: Sof ralık olarak az kullanılır. Kurotulduktan sonra ihraç edilmektedir. Mernleketimizde üzüm güneşte kurutulur. Bu iş için meyvalar olgunlaştıktan sonra salkım halinde toplanır, potasa çözeltisi (potasyum karbonat + zeytin yağı) ne batırılır ve kağıtlar üzerine konula rak kurutulur. Kuru üzüm şekerler, organik asitler ve tanen taşımaktadır. İyi bir g1da maddesidir. Tedavide idrar arttırıcı, yatıştırıcı, müshil ve kuvvet verici olarak, dekaksiyon (o/o 5) halinde kullanılır. Dekaksiyandan günde 3 - 4 su bardağı içilir. Tedavide kullanılan kuru üzümler iki cinse ayrılmaktadır. 1 - Büyük kuru üzüm (Uva Passa major), 2 - Küçük kuru üzüm (Uva Passa minor). Tedavide taze üzüm de kullanılmaktadır. Genellikle taze üzümün sıkılması ile elde e dilen usareler koyulaştırılarak kuvvet verici ve gıda olarak kullanılır. üzümün sıkılınası ile elde edilen usare ye "Şıra", bunun ısıtılarak koyulaştırılınası ile elde edilen şekle "Pekınez", bunun da ke sifleştirilmesi ve renginin açılması ile "Bula ma" elde edilmektedir. ASMA Y APRAÖI (Foliuın Vitis viniferae) : V. vinifera L. türünün kurutulmuş veya taze yaprağıdır. Bu türün birçok kültür form Jarı Türkiyede geniş bir şekilde yetiştirilmek tedir. Siyah uzum yaprağı, tanen miktarının yüksek olması nedeniyle, dalıilen infusyon (o/o 5) halinde kabız ve kan kesici olarak, ta ze yapraklar haricen yara iyi edici ve çıban açıcı olarak kullanılmaktadır. V ANİL YA MEYV ASI (La. Fructus Vanillae, Al. Vanille (Schoten), Fr. Fruit de vanille, in. Vanilla fruit) Vanilla planifolia Andrews (Orchidaceae) türünün olgunlaşmadan evvel toplanıp, suda başlandıktan sonra, özel olarak kurutulmuş meyvalarıdır. Bu drogu veren bitki birçok tropikal bölgede (Meksika, Madagaskar, Java vs.) yetiştirilmektedir. Drog hemen hemen yalnız kültür bitkilerinden elde edilir. Dış görünüş : 15 -2 5 cm uzunluk, 5- 10 mm genişlikte, yassı, iki uca doğru incelmiş, parlak siyahımsı renkli ve üzerinde vanillin kristalleri görülen meyvalardır. Kokusu özel ve kuvvetli, tadı acıdır. Bileşim : Sabit yağ, rezin ve vanillin (o/o 1- 4) taşımaktadır. Etki ve kullanılış : Midevi, uyarıcı ve cinsel gücü arttırıcı etkilere sahiptir. Bu et kileri, merkezi sinir sistemini uyarması sonu cu meydana gelmektedir. Bugün bilhassa ko ku verici olarak gıda (meyva veya vanillin) endüstrisinde kullanılmaktadır. Kullanılış şekli : 0.2 - 0.3 gr, günde bir kaç defa, hap halinde. Yüksek miktarlarda alındığında kusma yapar. Diğer isimler : Çubuk vanilya.
Kaynak: Türkiye'de Bitkilerle Tedavi (Turhan Baytop), s. 250
Duke – Ethnobotany
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Uphof
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Al-Rawi
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Hartwell
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Hartwell
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Brutus
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Al-Rawi
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Al-Rawi
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | FontQuer
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Uphof
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Uphof
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Bliss
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Uphof
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Al-Rawi
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Al-Rawi
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Woi.Syria
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Al-Rawi
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Steinmetz
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Hartwell
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilgi: Duke USEAGE: F | Hartwell
Kaynak: James A. Duke
Bilimsel Araştırmalar
Motivation Rapid development in long-read sequencing and scaffolding technologies is accelerating the production of reference-quality assemblies for large eukaryotic genomes. However, haplotype divergence in regions of high heterozygosity often results in assemblers creating two copies rather than one copy of a region, leading to breaks in contiguity and compromising downstream steps such as gene annotation. Several tools have been developed to resolve this problem. However, they either focus only on removing contained duplicate regions, also known as haplotigs, or fail to use all the relevant information and hence make errors. Results Here we present a novel tool, purge_dups, that uses sequence similarity and read depth to automatically identify and remove both haplotigs and heterozygous overlaps. In comparison with current tools, we demonstrate that purge_dups can reduce heterozygous duplication and increase assembly continuity while maintaining completeness of the primary assembly. Moreover, purge_dups is fully automatic and can easily be integrated into assembly pipelines. Availability and implementation The source code is written in C and is available at https://github.com/dfguan/purge_dups. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Makaleyi görüntüle
Makaleyi görüntüle
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Makaleyi görüntüle
Makaleyi görüntüle
MCScan is an algorithm able to scan multiple genomes or subgenomes in order to identify putative homologous chromosomal regions, and align these regions using genes as anchors. The MCScanX toolkit implements an adjusted MCScan algorithm for detection of synteny and collinearity that extends the original software by incorporating 14 utility programs for visualization of results and additional downstream analyses. Applications of MCScanX to several sequenced plant genomes and gene families are shown as examples. MCScanX can be used to effectively analyze chromosome structural changes, and reveal the history of gene family expansions that might contribute to the adaptation of lineages and taxa. An integrated view of various modes of gene duplication can supplement the traditional gene tree analysis in specific families. The source code and documentation of MCScanX are freely available at http://chibba.pgml.uga.edu/mcscan2/.
Makaleyi görüntüle
Makaleyi görüntüle
The number of sequenced plant genomes and associated genomic resources is growing rapidly with the advent of both an increased focus on plant genomics from funding agencies, and the application of inexpensive next generation sequencing. To interact with this increasing body of data, we have developed Phytozome (http://www.phytozome.net), a comparative hub for plant genome and gene family data and analysis. Phytozome provides a view of the evolutionary history of every plant gene at the level of sequence, gene structure, gene family and genome organization, while at the same time providing access to the sequences and functional annotations of a growing number (currently 25) of complete plant genomes, including all the land plants and selected algae sequenced at the Joint Genome Institute, as well as selected species sequenced elsewhere. Through a comprehensive plant genome database and web portal, these data and analyses are available to the broader plant science research community, providing powerful comparative genomics tools that help to link model systems with other plants of economic and ecological importance.
Makaleyi görüntüle
Makaleyi görüntüle
The analysis of the first plant genomes provided unexpected evidence for genome duplication events in species that had previously been considered as true diploids on the basis of their genetics. These polyploidization events may have had important consequences in plant evolution, in particular for species radiation and adaptation and for the modulation of functional capacities. Here we report a high-quality draft of the genome sequence of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) obtained from a highly homozygous genotype. The draft sequence of the grapevine genome is the fourth one produced so far for flowering plants, the second for a woody species and the first for a fruit crop (cultivated for both fruit and beverage). Grapevine was selected because of its important place in the cultural heritage of humanity beginning during the Neolithic period. Several large expansions of gene families with roles in aromatic features are observed. The grapevine genome has not undergone recent genome duplication, thus enabling the discovery of ancestral traits and features of the genetic organization of flowering plants. This analysis reveals the contribution of three ancestral genomes to the grapevine haploid content. This ancestral arrangement is common to many dicotyledonous plants but is absent from the genome of rice, which is a monocotyledon. Furthermore, we explain the chronology of previously described whole-genome duplication events in the evolution of flowering plants.
Makaleyi görüntüle
Makaleyi görüntüle
